Which events led to Karbala, in light of Ahadith
﷽
...I am leaving among you two weighty things: the one being the Book of Allah in which there is right guidance and light, so hold fast to the Book of Allah and adhere to it. He exhorted (us) (to hold fast) to the Book of Allah and then said: The second are the members of my household I remind you (of your duties) to the members of my family (and repeated it thrice)....
Who are the rightful Caliphs:
Abu Bakrah narrated:"One day the Prophet (s.a.w) said: "'Who among you had a dream?' A man said: "I did. I saw as if a scale had descended from the Heavens in which you and Abu Bakr were weighed So you outweighed Abu Bakr. Abu Bkar and 'Umar were weighed, and Abu Bakr outweighed ('Umar). 'Umar and 'Uthman were weighed and 'Umar outweighed ('Uthman). Then the scale was raised up.' Then I saw dislike in the the face of Messenger of Allah (s.a.w)."Jami Tirmidhi 2287
In Abu Dawud, it is further added
but he did not mention the word “disliked”. Instead, he said: The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was grieved about that. He then said: There will be a caliphate on the model of prophecy, then Allah will give the kingdom to whom he wills.
Sa'eed bin Jumhan narrated:"Safinah narrated to me, he said: 'The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "Al-Khilafah will be in my Ummah for thirty years, then there will be monarchy after that."' Then Safinah said to me: 'Count the Khilafah of Abu Bakr (2 years),' then he said: 'Count the Khilafah of 'Umar (10 years) and the Khilafah of 'Uthman (12 years).' Then he said to me: 'Count the Khilafah of 'Ali (6 years, [6 months of Hasan ibn Ali A.S ؓ included])."' He said: "So we found that they add up to thirty years." Sa'eed said: "I said to him: 'Banu Umaiyyah claim that the Khilafah is among them.' He said: 'Banu Az-Zarqa' lie, rather they are a monarchy, among the worst of monarchies."'Jami Tirmidhi 2226 Hasan (Darussalam)Abu Dawud 4646 Hasan Sahih (Al-Albani)(additional words in Musnad Ahmad Tayalsi 1203 Musanaf ibn Abi Shaybah 37157, Safinah added Muawiyah ؓ is the first monarch)
Abu Zar told Yazeed bin Abi Sufyaan that:"I heard Prophet S.A.W say: First person to change my sunnah will be from Banu Umayyah"Imam Albani commented on it that "in my opinion it means the transition of Khilafa into Kingship"
Assassination of Umar Farooq ؓ A.S (2nd righteous caliph)
Narrated Shaqiq:
I heard Hudhaifa saying, "While we were sitting with `Umar, he said, 'Who among you remembers the statement of the Prophet (ﷺ) about the afflictions?' Hudhaifa said, "The affliction of a man in his family, his property, his children and his neighbors are expiated by his prayers, Zakat (and alms) and enjoining good and forbidding evil." `Umar said, "I do not ask you about these afflictions, but about those afflictions which will move like the waves of the sea." Hudhaifa said, "Don't worry about it, O chief of the believers, for there is a closed door between you and them." `Umar said, "Will that door be broken or opened?" I said, "No. it will be broken." `Umar said, "Then it will never be closed," I said, "Yes." We asked Hudhaifa, "Did `Umar know what that door meant?" He replied, "Yes, as I know that there will be night before tomorrow morning, that is because I narrated to him a true narration free from errors." We dared not ask Hudhaifa as to whom the door represented so we ordered Masruq to ask him what does the door stand for? He replied, "`Umar."
When murder attempt was made on Umar Farooq ؓ A.S (2nd Caliph) by Abu LoLo Feroz and he was on his death bed at that time, for the appointment of next Khalifah he made a committee of six people, that next Khalifa should be selected from among these 6 peoples these were the Ashra Mubashra (10 people who Prophet ﷺ said are in Jannah), the details of which can be read in Bukhari 3700 and Bukhari 7207. Everyone else gave up their rights of candidacy and their was a tie between Usman Ghani ؓ A.S and Mawla Ali ؓ A.S. Finally Usman ؓ A.S was appointed by Abdur Rehman bin Auf ؓ A.S (he was among those 6 people and was appointed as canidate selector) and Mawla Ali ؓ A.S was the first to pledge his alliance.
The key point here is that Umar ؓ said:
....If death approaches me soon, the (issue) of Caliphate (would be decided) by the consent of these six men with whom the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) remained well pleased till his death. And I know fully well that some people would blame me (and will go against it and they are those) that I killed (before their acceptance of Islam) with these very hands of mine some persons who apparently professed (Islam). And if they do this (blame me) they are the enemies of Allah, and are non-believers and have gone astray.....
Narrated `Ikrima bin Khalid:
Ibn `Umar said, "I went to Hafsa while water was dribbling from her twined braids. I said, 'The condition of the people is as you see, and no authority has been given to me.' Hafsa said, (to me), 'Go to them, and as they (i.e. the people) are waiting for you, and I am afraid your absence from them will produce division amongst them.' " So Hafsa did not leave Ibn `Umar till we went to them. When the people differed. Muawiya addressed the people saying, "'If anybody wants to say anything in this matter of the Caliphate, he should show up and not conceal himself, for we are more rightful to be a Caliph than he and his father." On that, Habib bin Masalama said (to Ibn `Umar), "Why don't you reply to him (i.e. Muawiya)?" `Abdullah bin `Umar said, "I untied my garment that was going round my back and legs while I was sitting and was about to say, 'He who fought against you and against your father for the sake of Islam, is more rightful to be a Caliph,' but I was afraid that my statement might produce differences amongst the people and cause bloodshed, and my statement might be interpreted not as I intended. (So I kept quiet) remembering what Allah has prepared in the Gardens of Paradise (for those who are patient and prefer the Hereafter to this worldly life)." Habib said, "You did what kept you safe and secure (i.e. you were wise in doing so).
The Prophet ﷺ said that after me you will see conflicts and beware of newly invented matters (in deen, biddah). Did he instructed on what to do in those times??
Narrated Al-'Irbad bin Sariyah:"One day after the morning Salat, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) exhorted us to the extent that the eyes wept and the hearts shuddered with fear. A man said: 'Indeed this is a farewell exhortation. [So what] do you order us O Messenger of Allah?' He said: 'I order you to have Taqwa of Allah, and to listen and obey, even in the case of an Ethiopian slave. Indeed, whomever among you lives, he will see much difference. Beware of the newly invented matters, for indeed they are astray. Whoever among you sees that, then he must stick to my Sunnah and the Sunnah of the rightly guided Khulafa', cling to it with the molars.'"
Era of the Usman Ghani ؓ A.S (third righteous caliph) and his assassination
Usman Ghani ؓ, the third righteous, he was a son in law of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and he was given a title of Zun Noreyn because he was married to two of Prophet's daughter one after another, he was given glad tiding of Jannah almost three times by the Prophet ﷺ. In age he was elder than Omar R.A. He was also prophesied to become a martyr by the Prophet ﷺ.
Narrated Anas bin Malik:
The Prophet (ﷺ) once climbed the mountain of Uhud with Abu Bakr, `Umar and `Uthman. The mountain shook with them. The Prophet (ﷺ) said (to the mountain), "Be firm, O Uhud! For on you there are no more than a Prophet, a Siddiq and two martyrs.
Narrated Abu Hurairah [may Allah be pleased with him]:that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) was at Hira, him, Abu Bakr, 'Umar, 'Uthman, 'Ali, Talhah and Az-Zubair (may Allah be pleased with them all), and the boulder (mount Hira) shook. So the Prophet (ﷺ) said: "Be calm, for there is none upon you except a Prophet, or a Siddiq, or a martyr."
Tirmidhi 3696 Sahih (Darusalam)
Usman ؓ was also a very kind hearted person. On the day of the conquest of Makkah, the Prophet ﷺ granted amnesty to everyone except 6 people, 4 men and 2 women, out of these one was Ikramah bin Abi Jahal who accepted Islam (Nasai 4067/4072) and one of them was Abdullah bin Saad bin Abi As Sarh, he was a Muslim and on top of that a katib e wahi but he left Islam and then on the day of conquest of Makkah his death warrant were issued (Nasai 4069/4074). Usman ؓ out of his kindness hid him and then presented him to Prophet ﷺ to ask for his forgiveness.
....Abdullah (bin Sa'd) bin Abi Sarh hid in the house of 'Uthman bin 'Affan, and when the Messenger of Allah ﷺ called the people to give their Oath of Allegiance, he brought him, and made him stand before the Prophet ﷺ. He ('Uthman) said: 'O Messenger of Allah! Accept the allegiance of 'Abdullah.' He raised his head and looked at him three times, refusing his allegiance each time, then he accepted his allegiance after three times. Then he turned to his Companions and said: 'Was there not any sensible man among you who would get up when he saw me refusing to give him my hand and kill him?' They said: 'We did not know, O Messenger of Allah, what was in your heart. Why did you not gesture to us with your eyes?' He said: 'It is not befitting for a Prophet that his eyes be deceitful.Nasai 4067/4072 Hasan (Darussalam)
During the era of Usman ؓ, he appointed many of the new muslims as the governors of different area with the intention of conciliation. In the Era of Umar ؓ he would give key posts to only those Muslims who had been with Prophet ﷺ in the early age as they were more educated on matters and had more grip on Islamic matters. This was one point due to which things started going bad in the era of Usman ؓ. It was these policies that many Sahaba were also annoyed with Usman ؓ. This can be inferred from Imam Hassan ؓ A.S's response when one of his governors and his step brother Waleed bin Uqbah who was made the governor of Kufa and his father was Uqbah bin Abi Moeet who threw camel's carcass on Prophet S.A.W, when he was brought on trail because he had led Fajar prayer while been drunk.
Hudain b. al-Mundhir Abu Sasan reported:
I saw that Walid was brought to Uthmin b. 'Affan as he had prayed two rak'ahs of the dawn prayer, and then he said: I make an increase for you. And two men bore witness against him. One of them was Humran who said that he had drunk wine. The second one gave witness that he had seen him vomiting. Uthman said: He would not have vomited (wine) unless he had drunk it. He said: 'Ali, stand up and lash him. 'Ali said: Hasan, stand up and lash him. Thereupon Hasan said: Let him suffer the heat (of Caliphate) who has enjoyed its coolness. ('Ali felt annoyed at this remark) and he said: 'Abdullah b. Ja'far, stand up and flog him, and he began to flog him and 'Ali counted the stripes until these were forty. He (Hadrat 'Ali) said: Stop now, and then said: Allah's Apostle (ﷺ) gave forty stripes, and Abu Bakr also gave forty stripes, and Umar gave eighty stripes, and all these fall under the category of the Sunnab, but this one (forty stripes) is dearer to me.
The comments of Imam Hasan A.S R.A indicates that he was afraid that as they were from Banu Hashim and Usman R.A and the one been punished was from Banu Umayyah. What he mean't to say was that Usman should himself punish him as he is the one who has appointed these duffers as governors and due to Tribal system the tussle between Banu Umayyah and Banu Hashim dated back to before the Prophet. It was supressed by the Prophet but later on it came back and as you see Banu Umayyah didn't accept Ali as Khalifa and later on murdered Prophet's entire family.
This was the first incident where the people without consulting the Khalifa, they were fed up by this governor and they complained Usman R.A various times but in this incident they took matters into their own hands and removed the governor and sent him to Khalifa.
The Prophet ﷺ warned his ummah about this,
Narrated `Uqba bin Amir:
Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) offered the funeral prayers of the martyrs of Uhud eight years after (their death), as if bidding farewell to the living and the dead, then he ascended the pulpit and said, "I am your predecessor before you, and I am a witness on you, and your promised place to meet me will be Al- Haud (i.e. the Tank) (on the Day of Resurrection), and I am (now) looking at it from this place of mine. I am not afraid that you will worship others besides Allah, but I am afraid that worldly life will tempt you and cause you to compete with each other for it." That was the last look which I cast on Allah's Messenger (ﷺ).
Bukhari 4042
Muslim 5977/2296
Prophet ﷺ prophesized that Usman ؓ will have a hard time,
Abu Musa al-Ash'ari reported that while Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) was in one of the gardens of Medina, reclining against a pillow and fixing a stick in a mud, that a person came asking for the gate to be opened, whereupon he said:
Open it for him and give him glad tidings of Paradise and, lo, it was Abu Bakr. I opened (the gate) for him and gave him the glad tidings of Paradise. Then another person asked for the door to be opened, whereupon he said: Open it and give him the glad tidings of Piradise. He said: I went away and, lo, it was 'Umar. I opened it for him and gave him the glad tidings of Paradise. Then still another man asked for the door to be opened, and thereupon Allah's Apostle (ﷺ) said: Open it and give him the glad tidings of Paradise after a trial would afflict him. I went and, lo, it was 'Uthman b. 'Affan. 1 opened the door and gave him the glad tidings of Paradise and informed him (what the Prophet had said). Thereupon he said: O Allah, grant me steadfastness. Allah is one Whose help is to be sought.
Narrated Umar ibn al-Khattab:
Al-Aqra', the mu'adhdhin (announcer) of Umar ibn al-Khattab said: Umar sent me to a bishop and I called him.
Umar said to him: Do you find me in the Book? He said: Yes. He asked: How do you find me? He said: I find you (like a) castle. Then he raised a whip to him, saying: What do you mean by castle? He replied: An iron castle and severely trustworthy. He asked: How do you find the one who will come after me? He said: I find him a pious caliph, except that he will prefer his relatives. Umar said: May Allah have mercy on Uthman: He said it three times. He then asked: How do you find the one who will come after him?
He replied: I find him like rusty iron. Umar then put his hand on his head, and said: O filthy! O filthy! He said: Commander of the Faithful! He is a pious caliph, but when he is made caliph, the sword will be unsheathed and blood will be shed.
Abu Dawud said: Al-dafr means filth or evil smell.
Abu Dawud 4656 Daif by Albani but Sahih by Zubair Ali Zai
There were times when Usman R.A was stern in some cases and I would say it must have been due to old age, no bad intentions intended. If you would look at it, out of all 4 Khulafas only Usman R.A crossed 65 years. When he became khalifa he was almost 72 years old and when he was martyred almost 80+ age, while others died when they were below 65. We don't blame his sternness for ill intentions.
Narrated Ibn Al-Hanafiya:
If `Ali had spoken anything bad about `Uthman then he would have mentioned the day when some persons came to him and complained about the Zakat officials of `Uthman. `Ali then said to me, "Go to `Uthman and say to him, 'This document contains the regulations of spending the Sadaqa of Allah's Apostle so order your Zakat officials to act accordingly." I took the document to `Uthman. `Uthman said, "Take it away, for we are not in need of it." I returned to `Ali with it and informed him of that. He said, "Put it whence you took it."
Muhammad bin Suqa:
I heard Mundhir at-Tuzi reporting Ibn Hanafiya who said,"My father sent me saying, 'Take this letter to `Uthman for it contains the orders of the Prophet (ﷺ) concerning the Sadaqa.' "
Narrated Marwan bin Al-Hakam:
I saw `Uthman and `Ali. `Uthman used to forbid people to perform Hajj-at-Tamattu` and Hajj-al- Qiran (Hajj and `Umra together), and when `Ali saw (this act of `Uthman), he assumed Ihram for Hajj and `Umra together saying, "Lubbaik for `Umra and Hajj," and said, "I will not leave the tradition of the Prophet (ﷺ) on the saying of somebody."
Bukhari 1563 (Note Umar R.A also banned Tamattu in his era which was also rejected by people Tirmidhi 824 and Musnad Ahmad 2955/4107)
The last act due to which people started protesting and Usman ؓ was not allowed to leave his house was that complain came regarding the governor of Egypt Abdullah bin Saad bin Abi Sara, same person mentioned above in Nasai 4069/4074. The people of Egypt came with the complaint and Usman R.A ordered that the governor should be removed and appoint Amr bin Aas R.A as the new governor people of Egypt were happy with him. Marwan forged one document in the name of Usman ؓ as he was the guardian of the stamp of the Khalifah, that when these people reach Egypt kill them all but hopefully the messenger was caught midway by the same people who had brought the complain. This incident can be found in many of the history books. It can be found in Musanaf ibn Abi Shaybah 38846 (don't know it's status yet) as well. Will discuss Marwan later on.
Narrated Ibn 'Umar:The Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) took a signet-ring of gold, and put the stone next the palm of his hand. He engraved on it "Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah". The people then took signet-rings of gold. When he saw that they had taken them (like his ring) he threw it away and said: I shall never wear it. He then fashioned a silver ring and engraved on it "Muhammad, the Messenger of Allah". Then Abu Bakr wore it after him, then 'Umar wore it after Abu Bakr, and the 'Uthman wore it after 'Umar till it fell down in a well called Aris.
Abu Dawud said: The people did not disagree on 'Uthman till the signet-rin fell down from his hand.
The protestors who had gathered around Usman's ؓ house were Sahaba and Tabieen, they were angry on some of his policies. If anyone is interested he can read it in Musanaf ibn Abi Shaybah, Ch: Baab ul Maghazi, 38229 - 38245 or 37075 - 37091. It is also reported that Imam Hasan and Imam Hussain ؓ A.S were the ones protecting Usman ؓ, they were appointed by Ali ؓ on guard duty to protect Usman ؓ.
Narrated Abu 'Abdur-Rahman As-Sulami:"When 'Uthman was besieged, he looked out over them from atop his house and said: 'I remind you by Allah. Do you know that when (mount) Hira shook, the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said: "Be firm O Hira! For there is none upon you except a Prophet, a Siddiq, and a martyr?"' They said: 'Yes.' He said: 'I remind you by Allah! Do you know that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) said, about the army of distress (Al-'Usrah): "Who will spend something which shall be accepted (by Allah)?" And the people were struggling during difficult times, so I prepared that army?' They said: 'Yes.' Then he said: 'I remind you by Allah. Do you know that no one drank from the well of Rumah but have to pay for it, then I bought it and made it for the rich, the poor, and the wayfarer?' They said: 'O Allah! Yes!'" And he listed other things. This Hadith is Hasan Sahih Gharib from this route; as a narration of Abu 'Abdur-Rahman As-Sulami from 'Uthman.
Narrated Abu 'Habiba that he entered the house in which Uthman was confined and heard that Abu Huraira was asking permission to say something to Uthman. When he gave permission, Abu Huraira stood up praised and glorified Allah and then said:"I heard Messenger of Allah ﷺ. He was saying that you will find trials and differences after me. A man said: Messenger of Allah! Who will be ours at that time? The Prophet ﷺ said: You must keep hold of this trustee and his companions. He, while saying this was pointing at Uthman.
Musnad Ahmad 12242 Sahih
The end result is that Usman ؓ was martyred, the mob went out of control and someone killed Usman ؓ and there was no evidence found on who did it as they didn't had CCTVs back then. The Sahaba and Tabieen who were protesting never thought of killing him but things got out of control and someone killed him. In Musanaf ibn Abi Shaybah name of two killers are mentioned who escaped and hid near shaam and were caught and killed by Moawiya R.A (don't know the status of this narration 38846).
Narrated 'Ubaid-Ullah bin Adi bin Khiyar:I went to 'Uthman bin Affan while he was besieged, and said to him, "You are the chief of all Muslims in general and you see what has befallen you. We are led in the Salat (prayer) by a leader of Al-Fitan (trials and afflictions etc.) and we are afraid of being sinful in following him." 'Uthman said. "As-Salat (the prayers) is the best of all deeds so when the people do good deeds do the same with them and when they do bad deeds, avoid those bad deeds."
Sayyida Aisha (may Allah be pleased with her) narratedthat the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: Call one of my Companions. I said: Sayyiduna Abu Bakr, (may God be pleased with him)? He, said: No. I said: Sayyiduna Umar, (may God be pleased with him)? He, said: No. I said: your cousin Sayyiduna Ali (may God be pleased with him)? He, said: No. I said: Syedna Uthman, (may God be pleased with him)? He, said: Yes. When he came, the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said to me: You just move to one side. Then he (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) started talking secretly with Sayyidna Uthman (RA). He became worried. When Uthman was besieged in his house we asked: O Commander of the Faithful! Why don't you fight with these rebels? He, said: No, I will not fight. The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) had promised me this and I am going to prove myself patient in these situations.
Narrated `Uthman bin Mauhab:
A man came to perform the Hajj to (Allah's) House. Seeing some people sitting, he said, "Who are these sitting people?" Somebody said, "They are the people of Quraish." He said, "Who is the old man?" They said, "Ibn `Umar." He went to him and said, "I want to ask you about something; will you tell me about it? I ask you with the respect due to the sanctity of this (Sacred) House, do you know that `Uthman bin `Affan fled on the day of Uhud?" Ibn `Umar said, "Yes." He said, "Do you know that he (i.e. `Uthman) was absent from the Badr (battle) and did not join it?" Ibn `Umar said, "Yes." He said, "Do you know that he failed to be present at the Ridwan Pledge of allegiance (i.e. Pledge of allegiance at Hudaibiya) and did not witness it?" Ibn `Umar replied, "Yes," He then said, "Allahu- Akbar!" Ibn `Umar said, "Come along; I will inform you and explain to you what you have asked. As for the flight (of `Uthman) on the day of Uhud, I testify that Allah forgave him (Al e Imran 155). As regards his absence from the Badr (battle), he was married to the daughter of Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) and she was ill, so the Prophet (ﷺ) said to him, 'You will have such reward as a man who has fought the Badr battle will get, and will also have the same share of the booty.' As for his absence from the Ridwan Pledge of allegiance if there had been anybody more respected by the Meccans than `Uthman bin `Affan, the Prophet would surely have sent that man instead of `Uthman. So the Prophet (ﷺ) sent him (i.e. `Uthman to Mecca) and the Ridwan Pledge of allegiance took place after `Uthman had gone to Mecca. The Prophet raised his right hand saying. 'This is the hand of `Uthman,' and clapped it over his other hand and said, "This is for `Uthman.'" Ibn `Umar then said (to the man), "Go now, after taking this information."
Narrated Ibn `Umar:
That a man came to him (while two groups of Muslims were fighting) and said, "O Abu `Abdur Rahman! Don't you hear what Allah has mentioned in His Book: 'And if two groups of believers fight against each other...' (49.9) So what prevents you from fighting as Allah has mentioned in His Book?"' Ibn `Umar said, "O son of my brother! I would rather be blamed for not fighting because of this Verse than to be blamed because of another Verse where Allah says: 'And whoever kills a believer intentionally..." (4.93) Then that man said, "Allah says:-- 'And fight them until there is no more afflictions (worshipping other besides Allah) and the religion (i.e. worship) will be all for Allah (Alone)" (8.39) Ibn `Umar said, "We did this during the lifetime of Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) when the number of Muslims was small, and a man was put to trial because of his religion, the pagans would either kill or chain him; but when the Muslims increased (and Islam spread), there was no persecution." When that man saw that Ibn `Umar did not agree to his proposal, he said, "What is your opinion regarding `Ali and `Uthman?" Ibn `Umar said, "What is my opinion regarding `Ali and `Uthman? As for `Uthman, Allah forgave him and you disliked to forgive him, and `Ali is the cousin and son-in-law of Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) ." Then he pointed out with his hand and said, "And that is his daughter's (house) which you can see."
Bukhari 4650
Era of the Ali R.A & A.S (fourth righteous caliph) and Battle of Jamal, Safeen and Nehrwaan:
After the Shadah of Usman ؓ, Ali ؓ was appointed as Khalifah by consensus of Muslims, he refused but Sahaba pressurized him and the first order he gave was to remove all the governors that were appointed by Usman ؓ, one governor, Moawiya bin Abu Sufyaan R.A, declined direct order of the Khalifah and revolted asking for Qisas of Usman ؓ and the battles took place.
The battle of Jamal, Safeen and Nehrwaan were also prophecized by Prophet ﷺ.
Abu Saeed Khudri narrates:We were sitting waiting for the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, then he came to us from the house of one of his wives and then we accompanied him. Meanwhile, his shoe was broken; Ali ibn Abi Talib was left behind because he was repairing the shoe and we continued to walk with Messenger of Allah ﷺ until he stopped and waited for Ali and we also stopped. He said there: "There is one person among you who will fight for the interpretation of Quran like I had fought for the revelation of Quran." Hearing this, we turned to him attentively, Abu Bakr and Umar were also present among us at that time, but he said: "No (none of you is that person) but that is the one who is repairing my shoes. So we all came to Ali so that we may give him this good news. Abu Saeed Khudri says: "The reaction of Ali was such as if he was already aware of this news".
Musnad Ahmad 8466/11790/11795 Sahih
Mustadrak Al Hakim 4621
Battle of Jamal
Narrated Abu Maryam `Abdullah bin Ziyad Al-Aasadi:
When Talha, AzZubair and `Aisha moved to Basra, `Ali sent `Ammar bin Yasir and Hasan bin `Ali who came to us at Kufa and ascended the pulpit. Al-Hasan bin `Ali was at the top of the pulpit and `Ammar was below Al-Hasan. We all gathered before him. I heard `Ammar saying, "`Aisha has moved to Al-Busra. By Allah! She is the wife of your Prophet in this world and in the Hereafter. But Allah has put you to test whether you obey Him (Allah) or her (`Aisha).
That should be the attitude of a Muslim, he didn't disrespect or curse them. No Muslim should. They should only mention these hadith and the mistakes of Sahaba which are reported in it without being disrespectful.
Narrated Abu Bakra:
During the days (of the battle) of Al-Jamal, Allah benefited me with a word I had heard from Allah's Apostle after I had been about to join the Companions of Al-Jamal (i.e. the camel) and fight along with them. When Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) was informed that the Persians had crowned the daughter of Khosrau as their ruler, he said, "Such people as ruled by a lady will never be successful."
Narrated Qays:When the mother of believers Syedah Ayesha reached Banu Aamir's water with her army, the dogs started barking. She asked: What is the name of this place? They replied: The water of Hawab! Hearing this, she replied: Then I must go back. Someone of her companions (Ibn Zubair, mentioned in Silsalah tus sahiha 2579) advised on this decision: No, but we should continue going. Maybe when the Muslims will see you, Allah will make peace between them. Syedah Ayesha said: Allah's Messenger ﷺ once said to me (very sadly giving this unseen news): What will be the situation of one of you when the dogs of Hawab will bark at her.Musnad Ahmad 12332/24299 Sahih
Aisha narrated that she made a will to `Abdullah bin Zubair, "Do not bury me with them (the Prophet (ﷺ) and his two companions) but bury me with my companions (wives of the Prophet ﷺ ) in Al-Baqi as I would not like to be looked upon as better than I really am (by being buried near the Prophet)."In Musanaf ibn Abi Shaybah's chain 37772/ 38927 she further added "Bury me with the wives of Prophet, for I did something new after him"
Narrated Abdullah bin Ubaid bin Umair
Ayesha said I wish I was a bark of a tree and I would not have not gone for Jamal
Musanaf ibn abi Shaybah 38973
We along with Talha were fighting against Ali, among us was Marwan as well. Ikrash said that when we were defeated, Marwan said: We won't get a chance to kill Talha after today. He shot an arrow due to which Talha died.Mustadrak Al Hakim 5589-5591 (download PDF)
Narrated Talha bin Masraf:
Ali on the day of Jamal, lifted the body of Talha cleaned it and said to Hasan ibn Ali " I wish I had died 30 years ago"
Narrated Ismail Bin Abi Hazim, Ali bin Abi Talib said to Zubair bin Awam:Do you remember the day when we were sitting one of the Ansar's tent and Messenger of Allah ﷺ asked you: "Do you love Ali?" and you said: "What stops me from not loving him?" Then Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: "You will revolt against him and fight against him and you will be the transgressor" Ismail says that after hearing this Zubair ؓ left the battle field.
Narrated Zar bin Habeesh, Ali bin Abi Talib was told that the killer of Zubair is at the door, Ali said:"O killer of Safiyah's son, glad tiding of Jahanum to you, I heard Messenger of Allah ﷺ say: Every Prophet has a helper and my helper is Zubair bin Awam"
Narrated Ali bin Abi Talib:I am hopeful from Allah that I, Talha and Zubair would be among those about whom Allah said "And We will remove whatever is in their chests of resentment, [so they will be] brothers, on thrones facing each other." [Al Hijr: 47]Musanaf ibn e Abi Shaybah 38976
You can imagine from this hadith that the governors of Usman R.A (no blame on him) had corrupted everything so much that after Battle of Jamal when Basra was cleared Mawla Ali R.A A.S offered congregational prayer
Narrated `Imran bin Husain:
I offered the prayer with `Ali in Basra and he made us remember the prayer which we used to pray with Allah's Messenger (ﷺ). `Ali said Takbir on each rising and bowing.
We complain that people don't do Rafa Yadain🤦♂️, the governors had corrupted the prayer so much that they didn't use to say takbir on each rising and bowing.🤷♂️
Narrated `Imran bin Husain:
I offered the prayer with `Ali in Basra and he made us remember the prayer which we used to pray with Allah's Messenger (ﷺ). `Ali said Takbir on each rising and bowing.
We complain that people don't do Rafa Yadain🤦♂️, the governors had corrupted the prayer so much that they didn't use to say takbir on each rising and bowing.🤷♂️
Battle of Safeen
Narrated `Ikrima:
that Ibn `Abbas told him and `Ali bin `Abdullah to go to Abu Sa`id and listen to some of his narrations; So they both went (and saw) Abu Sa`id and his brother irrigating a garden belonging to them. When he saw them, he came up to them and sat down with his legs drawn up and wrapped in his garment and said, "(During the construction of the mosque of the Prophet) we carried the adobe of the mosque, one brick at a time while `Ammar used to carry two at a time. The Prophet (ﷺ) passed by `Ammar and removed the dust off his head and said, "May Allah be merciful to `Ammar. He will be killed by a rebellious aggressive group. `Ammar will invite them to (obey) Allah and they will invite him to the (Hell) fire."
Who killed Ammar bin Yasir ؓ and in which battle did he became a martyr?
Kulthoom Narrates that we were sitting near Abdul Aalaa in Waasit, Suddenly I saw a person named Abul Ghadiyah:
He asked for water. So water was brought for him in a decorated silver vessel but he refused to drink and then he said mentioning the Messenger of Allah ﷺ that he said to us "Do not revert to disbelief after me by striking the necks of one another." Then Abul Ghadiyah further said that once I saw a person who was criticizing so and so, so I said: By Allah! If Allah gives me power over you in battlefield (I will take revenge from you). In the Battle of Siffin, by chance I came face to face with him. He was wearing armour but I saw an empty space in armour. So I struck him with spear and killed him. But then I came to know that he was Ammar bin Yasir." Then Abul Ghadia said to himself: (it's strange that) these hands disliked drinking from a silver vessel on the one hand but killed Ammar bin Yasir on the other.
Every time I read this hadith I feel really sad about Adul Ghadia ؓ, on the other hand
Mohammed bin Amr narrates when Ammar bin Yasir was killed, Amr bin Hazm came to Amr bin Aas and said:
Ammar has been killed and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ had said "A rebellious group will kill him". Hearing this Amr bin Aas got up in panic and came to Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan repeatedly reciting "We surely belong to Allah and to Him we shall return". Muawiyah asked: What happened? Amr bin Aas replied: Ammar bin Yasir has been killed. Muawiyah said: Ammar has been killed so why are you like this? Amr bin Aas said that I heard Messenger of Allah ﷺ saying "A rebellious group will kill him" Muawiyah said (in anger): "You slip in your own urine" Have we killed him???? He was killed by Ali ibn Abi Talib and his companions who brought him with them and threw him before our spears (Naozobillah)
Abdur Rahman narrates:I prayed Fajr with Ali Ibn Abi Talib, he read Qunoot Nazila in which he prayed: "O Allah! Deal yourself with Muawiyah and his supporters, Amr bin Aas and his supporters, Abu Salma and his supporters.
Musanaf ibn Abi Shaybah 7123
Yazid bin Asim narrates
Ali Ibn Abi Talib was asked about the people who died on the day of Safeen, he said our and his dead will be in Paradise and the matter will be between me and Muawiyah.
Musanaf ibn abi Shaybah 39035
The war ended and then Tehkeem.
Narrated Abu Wail:When Sahl bin Hunaif returned from (the battle of) Siffin, we went to ask him (as to why he had come back). He replied, "(You should not consider me a coward) but blame your opinions. I saw myself on the day of Abu Jandal (inclined to fight), and if I had the power of refusing the order of Allah's Apostle then, I would have refused it (and fought the infidels bravely). Allah and His Apostle know (what is convenient) better. Whenever we put our swords on our shoulders for any matter that terrified us, our swords led us to an easy agreeable solution before the present situation (of disagreement and dispute between the Muslims). When we mend the breach in one side, it opened in another, and we do not know what to do about it."
The details of Tehkeem can be read in Musanaf Abdur Razaq 9770, the hadith Bukhari 4108 mentioned above, this event happened during these events. After Tehkeem some issues were mishandled and if Mawla Ali ؓ A.S would not have been murdered by Khawarij then there would have been Safeen part 2.
Battle of Nehrwaan
Battle between Mawla Ali A.S and Khawarij,
Abu Sa'id al-Khudri reported Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) as saying:
There would be two groups in my Ummah, and there would emerge another group (seceding itself from both of them), and the party nearer to the truth among the two would kill them (the group of the Khawarij).
Narrated Abu Sa`id:
While the Prophet (ﷺ) was distributing (something, `Abdullah bin Dhil Khawaisira at-Tamimi came and said, "Be just, O Allah's Messenger (ﷺ)!" The Prophet (ﷺ) said, "Woe to you ! Who would be just if I were not?" `Umar bin Al-Khattab said, "Allow me to cut off his neck ! " The Prophet (ﷺ) said, " Leave him, for he has companions, and if you compare your prayers with their prayers and your fasting with theirs, you will look down upon your prayers and fasting, in comparison to theirs. Yet they will go out of the religion as an arrow darts through the game's body in which case, if the Qudhadh of the arrow is examined, nothing will be found on it, and when its Nasl is examined, nothing will be found on it; and then its Nadiyi is examined, nothing will be found on it. The arrow has been too fast to be smeared by dung and blood. The sign by which these people will be recognized will be a man whose one hand (or breast) will be like the breast of a woman (or like a moving piece of flesh). These people will appear when there will be differences among the people (Muslims)." Abu Sa`id added: I testify that I heard this from the Prophet (ﷺ) and also testify that `Ali killed those people while I was with him. The man with the description given by the Prophet (ﷺ) was brought to `Ali. The following Verses were revealed in connection with that very person (i.e., `Abdullah bin Dhil-Khawaisira at-Tarnimi): 'And among them are men who accuse you (O Muhammad) in the matter of (the distribution of) the alms.' (9.58)
Narrated Ammar bin Yasir:....Me and Ali Bin Abi Talib were resting under a tree. Messenger of Allah ﷺ said to Ali: O Abu Turab Wake up! Then he said: "Should I not tell you about the two most cursed one?" We said: Why not. The Messenger of Allah ﷺ said: the first cursed man was from the nation of Thamood named Ahmeer who had slaughtered the she camel and the second is the one who, O Ali will hit your head with sword and will dye your beard from your blood."Mustadrak Hakim 4679, Silsalah as Saheeha 1743
Narrated Maymon bin Mehran that Abdullah bin Umar said:"I stopped myself and didn't make a move but the one who fought for the right cause is better"
Imam Hakim narrated: The explanation of this hadith is another hadith. Abdullah bin Umar said: "I never regretted anything but I regret not fighting along side Ali against the rebellious group"
Narrated Al-Hasan Al-Basri:
When Al-Hasan bin `Ali moved with army units against Muawiya, `Amr bin AL-As said to Muawiya, "I see an army that will not retreat unless and until the opposing army retreats." Muawiya said, "(If the Muslims are killed) who will look after their children?" `Amr bin Al-As said: I (will look after them). On that, `Abdullah bin 'Amir and `Abdur-Rahman bin Samura said, "Let us meet Muawaiya and suggest peace." Al-Hasan Al-Basri added: No doubt, I heard that Abu Bakra said, "Once while the Prophet was addressing (the people), Al-Hasan (bin `Ali) came and the Prophet (ﷺ) said, 'This son of mine is a chief, and Allah may make peace between two groups of Muslims through him."
The terms on which Hassan bin Ali A.S ؓ made peace and surrendered his reign to Muawiya ؓ are recorded in Fatah ul Bari and other hadith commentary books and history books.
1) Muawiya will rule in accordance with Book of Allah, Sunnah of Prophet S.A.W and the conduct of righteous caliphs. (was this term withheld or not? Muslim 4776/1844)
2) Muawiya will not appoint his successor but he will leave it on Ummah to select the caliph through Shura. (was this term withheld or not? Bukhari 4827)
3) No retaliatory action will be taken against those people of the group of Ali bin Abi Talib who have surrendered after peace treaty. (was this term withheld or not? read the next portion)
4) The Khums which Allah has determined in Quran for the family of Muhammad S.A.W will still be given to Banu Muttalib as it has been continuously given since the period of Pious Caliphs, etc etc
[Al Istiaab by Ibn Abdul Bar, Al Isabah by Ibn Hajar, Al Bidayah Wannihaya by Ibn Katheer, Fatuhl Bari by Ibn Hajar under Hadith of Bukhari 7109]
Era of the Muawiya R.A and forward (first king as said in Hadith above):
Abu Sa'id Khudri reported that Mu'awiya went to a circle in the mosque and said:
What makes you sit here? They said: We are sitting here in order to remember Allah. He said: I adjure you by Allah (to tell me whether you are sitting here for this very purpose)? They said: By Allah, we are sitting here for this very purpose. Thereupon, he said: I have not demanded you to take an oath, because of any allegation against you and none of my rank in the eye of Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) is the narrator of so few ahadith as I am. The fact is that Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) went out to the circle of his Companions and said: What makes you sit? They said: We are sitting here in order to remember Allah and to praise Him for He guided us to the path of Islam and He conferred favours upon us. Thereupon he adjured by Allah and asked if that only was the purpose of their sitting there. They said: By Allah, we are not sitting here but for this very purpose, whereupon he (the Messenger) said: I am not asking you to take an oath because of any allegation against you but for the fact that Gabriel came to me and he informed me that Allah, the Exalted and Glorious, was talking to the angels about your magnificence.
Abu Sa'id reported there was some altercation between Khalid b. Walid and Abd al-Rahman b. 'Auf and Khalid reviled him. Thereupon Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said:
None should revile my Companions. for if one amongst you were to spend as much gold as Uhud, it would not amount to as much as one mudd of one of them or half of it.
Amir b. Sa'd b. Abi Waqqas reported on the authority of his father that Muawiya b. Abi Sufyan appointed Sa'd as the Governor and ordered:
What prevents you from abusing Abu Turab (Hadrat 'Ali), whereupon be said: It is because of three things which I remember Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) having said about him that I would not abuse him and even if I find one of those three things for me, it would be more dear to me than the red camels. I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) say about 'Ali as he left him behind in one of his campaigns (that was Tabuk). 'Ali said to him: Allah's Messenger, you leave me behind along with women and children. Thereupon Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said to him: Aren't you satisfied with being unto me what Aaron was unto Moses but with this exception that there is no prophethood after me. And I (also) heard him say on the Day of Khaibar: I would certainly give this standard to a person who loves Allah and his Messenger, and Allah and his Messenger love him too. He (the narrator) said: We had been anxiously waiting for it, when he (the Holy Prophet) said: Call 'Ali. He was called and his eyes were inflamed. He applied saliva to his eyes and handed over the standard to him, and Allah gave him victory. (The third occasion is this) when the (following) verse was revealed: "Let us summon our children and your children." Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) called 'Ali, Fatima, Hasan and Husain and said: O Allah, they are my family.Muslim 6220/ 2404 See Khasais Ali (chapter of Sunan Nasai al Kubra, printed as a separate book) Hadith number 54
Sahl b. Sa`d reported that a person from the offspring of Marwan was appointed as the governor of Medina. He called Sahl b. Sa`d and ordered him to abuse `Ali. Sahl refused to do that. He (the governor) said to him:
If you do not agree to it (at least) say: May Allah curse Abu Turab. Sahl said: There was no name dearer to `Ali than Abu Turab (for it was given to him by the Prophet himself) and he felt delighted when he was called by this name. He (the governor) said to him: Narrate to us the story of his being named as Abu Turab. He said: Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) came to the house of Fatima and he did not find `Ali in the house; whereupon he said: Where is your uncle's son? She said: (There cropped up something) between me and him which had annoyed him with me. He went out and did not rest here. Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) asked a person to find out where he was. He came and said: Allah's Messenger, he is sleeping in the mosque. Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) came to him and found him lying in the mosque and saw that his mantle had slipped from his back and his back was covered with dust and Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) began to wipe it away from him (from the body of Hadrat `Ali) saying: Get up, covered with dust (Abu Turab); get up, covered with dust.
Narrated Qays bin Abu Hazim, I was roaming in the market of Madina. I saw that some people had gathered around a horse rider who was cursing Ali bin Abi Talib,:
Saad bin abi Waqas came there all of a sudden and asked: "what is the matter?" The people said: "This man is cursing Ai. Sad moved forward and said: "O man! Why are you cursing Ali?Was he not the first to accept Islam?Was he not the first person to pray with Messenger of Allah?Was he not the most devoted to religion? Was he not the most knowledgeable person?Saad kept on mentioning more virtues till he said: Was he not the husband of daughter of Messenger of Allah?Was he not the flag bearer of Prophet in every battler? Then Saad faced Kaaba and lifted his hand to sky and prayed: O Allah! this man is cursing one of your walis, do not spread this gathering until You show them Your power." Qays narrates: "we did not separate until the horse of that man started sinking and his horse threw him off and his head hit the rocks thus opening his skull split and he died on spot
Rabah ibn al-Harith said:
I was sitting with someone (Mugheera ibn Shobah) in the mosque of Kufah while the people of Kufah were with him. Then Sa'id ibn Zayd ibn Amr ibn Nufayl came and he welcomed him, greeted him, and seated him near his foot on the throne. Then a man of the inhabitants of Kufah, called Qays ibn Alqamah, came. He received him and began to abuse him.Sa'id asked: Whom is this man abusing? He replied: He is abusing Ali. He said: Don't I see that the companions of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) are being abused, but you neither stop it nor do anything about it? I heard the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) say--and I need not say for him anything which he did not say, and then he would ask me tomorrow when I see him --AbuBakr will go to Paradise and Umar will go to Paradise. He then mentioned the rest of the tradition to the same effect (as in No. 4632).
He then said: The company of one of their man whose face has been covered with dust by the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) is better than the actions of one of you for a whole life time even if he is granted the life-span of Noah.
Sunan Nisai al Kubra 8208/ 8190
Ibn Hibban 6996
Next Hadith shows what kind of dictator-ship it was people were afraid to follow the Sunnah of Prophet
It was narrated that Saeed bin Jubair said:"I was with Ibn Abbas in Arafat and he said: 'Why do I not hear the people reciting Talbiyah?' I said: They are afraid of Muawiyah.' So Ibn Abbas went out of his tent and said: "Labbaik Allahumma Labbaik, Labbaik! They are only forsaking the Sunnah out of hatred for Ali.'"
It has been narrated on the authority of 'Abd al-Rahman b. Abd Rabb al-Ka'ba who said:
I entered the mosque when 'Abdullah b. 'Amr b. al-'As was sitting in the shade of the Ka'ba and the people had gathered around him. I betook myself to them and sat near him. (Now) Abdullah said: I accompanied the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) on a journey...(long narration cut short)...He who swears allegiance to a Caliph should give him the piedge of his hand and the sincerity of his heart (i. e. submit to him both outwardly as well as inwardly). He should obey him to the best of his capacity. If another man comes forward (as a claimant to Caliphate), disputing his authority, they (the Muslims) should behead the latter. The narrator says: I came close to him ('Abdullah b. 'Amr b. al-'As) and said to him: Can you say on oath that you heard it from the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ)? He pointed with his hands to his ears and his heart and said: My ears heard it and my mind retained it. I said to him: This cousin of yours, Mu'awiya, orders us to unjustly consume our wealth among ourselves and to kill one another, while Allah says:" O ye who believe, do not consume your wealth among yourselves unjustly, unless it be trade based on mutual agreement, and do not kill yourselves. Verily, God is Merciful to you" (iv. 29). The narrator says that (hearing this) Abdullah b. 'Amr b. al-As kept quiet for a while and then said: Obey him in so far as he is obedient to God; and disobey him in matters involving disobedience to God.
Abu Abdullah Jadli narrates:
I came to the service of Sayyida Umm Salama, (may God be pleased with her), and she said to me: Are you speaking ill of the Messenger of God, (may God bless him and grant him peace)? I said: Allah's refuge, or said: Subhan Allah! It is a great surprise, or something like that, (how can it be that the Messenger of Allah, may the blessings and peace of Allah be upon him, is called bad) He said: I heard the Messenger of Allah say this: Whoever cursed Ali, surely cursed me.
On Shadat of Imam Hasan ؓ A.S:
Khalid said:
Al-Miqdam ibn Ma'dikarib and a man of Banu Asad from the people of Qinnisrin went to Mu'awiyah ibn AbuSufyan.Mu'awiyah said to al-Miqdam: Do you know that al-Hasan ibn Ali has died? Al-Miqdam recited the Qur'anic verse "We belong to Allah and to Him we shall return."
A man (Muawiyah) asked him: Do you think it a calamity? He replied: Why should I not consider it a calamity when it is a fact that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) used to take him on his lap, saying: This belongs to me and Husayn belongs to Ali?
The man of Banu Asad said: (He was) a live coal which Allah has extinguished. Al-Miqdam said: Today I shall continue to make you angry and make you hear what you dislike. He then said: Mu'awiyah, if I speak the truth, declare me true, and if I tell a lie, declare me false.
He said: Do so. He said: I adjure you by Allah, did you hear the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) forbidding use to wear gold?
He replied: Yes. He said: I adjure you by Allah, do you know that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) prohibited the wearing of silk?
He replied: Yes. He said: I adjure you by Allah, do you know that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) prohibited the wearing of the skins of beasts of prey and riding on them?
He said: Yes. He said: I swear by Allah, I saw all this in your house, O Mu'awiyah.
Mu'awiyah said: I know that I cannot be saved from you, O Miqdam.
Khalid said: Mu'awiyah then ordered to give him what he did not order to give to his two companions, and gave a stipend of two hundred (dirhams) to his son. Al-Miqdam then divided it among his companions, and the man of Banu Asad did not give anything to anyone from the property he received. When Mu'awiyah was informed about it, he said: Al-Miqdam is a generous man; he has an open hand (for generosity). The man of Banu Asad withholds his things in a good manner.
Abu Dawud 4131 Musnad Ahmad 17321/12410 silsilah as sahiha 3475
Umm e Salama said:
I heard that people from minbar curse Prophet ﷺ? Narrater said: "How can this be?" Umm e Salama said: "Don't you curse Ali and all those who love Ali? I bear witness that Messenger of Allah ﷺ used to love Ali.
Zirr reported:
'Ali observed: By Him Who split up the seed and created something living, the Apostle (may peace and blessings be upon him) gave me a promise that no one but a believer would love me, and none but a hypocrite would nurse grudge against me.
Prophet ﷺ said that the destruction of my Ummah will be by the hands of----
Narrated Sa`id Al-Umawi:
I was with Marwan and Abu Huraira and heard Abu Huraira saying, "I heard the trustworthy, truly inspired one (i.e. the Prophet (ﷺ) ) saying, 'The destruction of my followers will be brought about by the hands of some youngsters from Quraish." Marwan asked, "Youngsters?" Abu Huraira said, "If you wish, I would name them: They are the children of so-and-so and the children of so-and-so."
Abu Huraira reported God’s Messenger as saying, “Seek refuge in God from the beginning of the year seventy and the governorship exercised by boys.”
Narrated Abu Huraira:
Messenger of Allah said, I saw a dream in which I saw that offspring of Hakam bin Abi Al Aas were dancing like monkeys on my minbar. Abu Huraira said: "Then till death Prophet didn't smile"
It has been narrated on the authority of Hasan that A'idh b. 'Amr who was one of the Companions of the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) called on 'Ubaidullah b. Ziyad and said (to him):
O my son, I have heard the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) say: The worst of guardians is the cruel ruler. Beware of being one of them. Ubaidullah said (to him out of arrogance): Sit you down. You are from the chaff of the Companions of Muhammad (ﷺ). A'idh said: Was there worthless chaff among them? Such worthless chaff appeared after them and among other people.
Narrated Yusuf bin Mahak:
Marwan had been appointed as the governor of Hijaz by Muawiya. He delivered a sermon and mentioned Yazid bin Muawiya so that the people might take the oath of allegiance to him as the successor of his father (Muawiya). Then `Abdur Rahman bin Abu Bakr told him something whereupon Marwan ordered that he be arrested. But `Abdur-Rahman entered `Aisha's house and they could not arrest him. Marwan said, "It is he (`AbdurRahman) about whom Allah revealed this Verse:-- 'And the one who says to his parents: 'Fie on you! Do you hold out the promise to me..?'" On that, `Aisha said from behind a screen, "Allah did not reveal anything from the Qur'an about us except what was connected with the declaration of my innocence (of the slander).
Other detailed chains of this hadith can be read here in Tafseer ibn Katheer under the commentary of Surah Ahqaf verse 17. Later on his dead body was found from a cave.
Marwan's father Hakam used to copycat Prophet S.A.W (Mojam Kabeer Tibrani 3096) and he used to spy on Prophet through cracks in the wall of Prophet's house (Bukhari 6901, in Bukhari that person's name is not mentioned but in Mujam Kabeer Tibrani 12556 it is). He was exiled out as mentioned in by Umm ul momineen Ayesha S.A R.A in Hakim 8483 and when Abu Bakr R.A became khalifa he was asked to finish his exile and pardon him but he said as Prophet didn't do it I won't either (Mojam Kabeer Tibrani 3097) but when Usman R.A became Khalifa he pardoned them out of good will as they were his relatives as well and on top of that he gave his daughter in marriage to Marwan.
Another brother during the khilafah of Ali ؓ was appointed as Governor of Misar after Malik Ashtar was killed by being poisoned by someone, Mohammad bin Abi Bakr was appointed as governor later on he was also killed, in a very hideous way. On that are the comments of Umm ul momineen Ayesha ؓ S.A
It has been reported on the authority of Abd al-Rahman b. Shumasa who said:
I came to A'isha to inquire something from her. She said: From which people art thou? I said: I am from the people of Egypt. She said: What was the behaviour of your governor towards you in this war of yours? I said: We did not experience anything bad from him. If the camel of a man from us died, he would bestow on him a camel. If any one of us lost his slave, he would give him a slave. If anybody was in need of the basic necessities of life, he would provide them with provisions. She said: Behold! the treatment that was meted out to my brother, Muhammad b. Abu Bakr, does not prevent me from telling you what I heard from the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ). He said in this house of mine: O God, who (happens to) acquire some kind of control over the affairs of my people and is hard upon them-be Thou hard upon him, and who (happens to) acquire some kind of control over the affairs of my people and is kind to them-be Thou kind to him.
Marwan was the first person who started giving Eid sermon before prayer and upon objection he said that those Sunnat way of Prophet are over
Abu Sa'id al-Khudri reported that the Messenger of Allah (ﷺ) used to go out on the day of Adha and on the day of Fitr and commenced the prayer. And after having observed his prayer and pronounced the salutation, he stood up facing people as they were seated at their places of worship. And if he intended to send out an army he made mention of it to the people, and if he intended any other thing besides it, he commanded them (to do that). He used to say (to the people):
Give alms, give alms, give alms, and the majority that gave alms was of women. He then returned and this (practice) remained (in vogue) till Marwan b. al- Hakam (came into power). I went out hand in hand with Marwan till we came to the place of worship and there Kathir b. Salt had built a pulpit of clay and brick. Marwan began to tug me with his hand as though he were pulling me towards the pulpit, while I was pulling him towards the prayer. When I saw him doing that I said: What has happened to the practice of beginning with prayer? He said: No, Abu Sa'id, what you are familiar with has been abandoned. I thereupon said (three times and went back): By no means, by Him in Whose hand my life is, you are not doing anything better than what I am familiar with.
Narrated Sa`id bin `Amr bin Sa`id bin Al-`Aas:
Al-Hajjaj went to Ibn `Umar while I was present there. Al-Hajjaj asked Ibn `Umar, "How are you?" Ibn `Umar replied, "I am all right," Al-Hajjaj asked, "Who wounded you?" Ibn `Umar replied, "The person who allowed arms to be carried on the day on which it was forbidden to carry them (he meant Al-Hajjaj)."
Hujr bin Adi ؓ was also killed by Ameer Muawiya ؓ Hakim 5972-5984 upon which Umm ul momineen Ayesha ؓ S.A was very sad her comments are in Hakim 5984 , 8038 and Musnad Ahmad 11895/16957
Narrated Muhammad:
Anas bin Malik said, "The head of Al-Husain was brought to 'Ubaidullah bin Ziyad and was put in a tray, and then Ibn Ziyad started playing with a stick at the nose and mouth of Al-Husain's head and saying something about his handsome features." Anas then said (to him), "Al-Husain resembled the Prophet more than the others did." Anas added, "His (i.e. Al-Husain's) hair was dyed with Wasma (i.e. a kind of plant used as a dye).
The funny thing is that in the Arabic text of above hadith it is written Husain A.S but in translation it is removed....
Narrated Abdullah bin Abbas:
I saw a dream one afternoon, I saw Messenger of Allah, he was standing his hair was all dusty, disheveled and in his hand was a vial containing blood. I said: "O Messenger of Allah! My parents are devoted to you, what is this? He said: This is the blood of Hussain and his companions, which I am collecting today. We calculated that day and later on we came to know it was the same day on which Hussain bin Ali was martyred
Mishkat 6181
Abdullah bin Naji narrated from his father
He used to carry his ablution vessel (lota) while he was going with Ali (may Allah be pleased with him). When they approached (Nineveh) while Ali was going towards Safin. So Ali said: Abu Abdullah! Wait, Abu Abdullah! Stop by the Euphrates, I said: What happened? Ali Radiyallahu Anhu said: One day I went to the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, tears were flowing from his eyes, I said: O Prophet of Allah! Has someone made you angry? Why are your eyes watering? The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: No, but Gabriel has just left me. He has told me that Husayn will be killed on the banks of the Euphrates. Then he (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) said: Would you like me to smell its soil? Ali Radiyallahu Anhu says: I said: Yes, the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) extended his hand, he gave me a handful of clay, and I could not control my eyes and tears came out.
Silsalah tus Sahiha 3467
Narrated Abu Saeed Khudri :
Messenger of Allah said: "By Allah whoever hates my Ahle Bait will go to Jahanum"
Some people say that Muawiya R.A was a Katib e Wahi. In Ahadith, the word used is Kaatib but let's assume he was Katib e Wahi. Let's see how he was appointed
Ibn Abbas reported that the Muslims neither looked to Abu Sufyan (with respect) nor did they sit in his company. he (Abu Sufyan) said to Allah's Apostle (ﷺ):
Allah's Apostle, confer upon me three things. He replied in the affirmative. He (further) said: I have with me the most handsome and the best (woman) Umm Habiba, daughter of Abu Sufyan; marry her, whereupon he said: Yes. And he again said: Accept Mu'awiya to serve as your scribe. He said: Yes. He again said: Make me the commander (of the Muslim army) so that I should fight against the unbelievers as I fought against the Muslims. He said: Yes. Abu Zumnail said: If he had not asked for these three things from Allah's Apostle (ﷺ), he would have never conferred them upon him, for it was (his habit) to accede to everybody's (earnest) request.
Muslim 6409/2501
One thing to keep in mind is that Umm Habiba S.A R.A accepted Islam way before, she was one of the people who did the first migration to Damascus after which his husband became an apostate/murtad after which Prophet married her later on and Abu Sufyaan R.A and Moawiya R.A accepted Islam after Fatah Makkah.
Secondly as Moawiya R.A was Katib, let's see what happened when Prophet S.A.W called him
Ibn Abbas reported:
I was playing with children that Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) happened to pass by (us). I hid myself behind the door. He (the Prophet) came and patted my shoulders and said: Go and call Mu'awiya. I returned and said: He is busy in taking food. He again asked me to go and call Mu'awiya to him. I went (and came back) and said that he was busy in taking food, whereupon he said: May Allah not fill his belly! Ibn Muthanna, said: I asked Umm Umayya what he meant by the word Hatani. He said: It means "he patted my shoulders."
Muslim 6626/2604
Thirdly if someone is a Katib e Wahi cannot he not commit sins or mistakes, let me tell you of two Katib e Wahi who became apostates/murtad
Narrated Anas:
There was a Christian who embraced Islam and read Surat-al-Baqara and Al-`Imran, and he used to write (the revelations) for the Prophet. Later on he returned to Christianity again and he used to say: "Muhammad knows nothing but what I have written for him." Then Allah caused him to die, and the people buried him, but in the morning they saw that the earth had thrown his body out. They said, "This is the act of Muhammad and his companions. They dug the grave of our companion and took his body out of it because he had run away from them." They again dug the grave deeply for him, but in the morning they again saw that the earth had thrown his body out. They said, "This is an act of Muhammad and his companions. They dug the grave of our companion and threw his body outside it, for he had run away from them." They dug the grave for him as deep as they could, but in the morning they again saw that the earth had thrown his body out. So they believed that what had befallen him was not done by human beings and had to leave him thrown (on the ground).
The other one was a relative of Usman R.A, Abdullah bin Saad bin Abi Saraa whose story is mentioned in Sunan Nasai 4072/4067 and 4074/4069. Usman R.A protected him on day of conquest of Makkah although his death warrant was issued by Prophet S.A.W but later on he reverted to Islam again
It was narrated that Ibn 'Abbas said concerning Surat An-Nahl - :"Whoever disbelieved in Allah after his belief, except him who is forced thereto and whose heart is at rest with Faith; but such as open their breasts to disbelief, on them is wrath from Allah, and theirs will be a great torment." "This was abrogated, and an exception was made, as Allah said: "Then, verily, your Lord for those who emigrated after they had been put to trials and thereafter strove hard and fought (for the Cause of Allah) and were patient, verily, your Lord afterward is, Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful." This was 'Abdullah bin Sa'd bin Abi As-Sarh who was the governor of Egypt and used to write to the Messenger of Allah [SAW]. The Shaitan misled him and he went and joined the unbelievers. So he (the Prophet [SAW]) commanded that he be killed on the day of the Conquest of Makkah. Then, 'Uthman bin 'Afan sought protection for him, and the Messenger of Allah [SAW] granted him protection."
then his daughter Benazir Bhutto then his Husband Zardari and now his son Bilawal Bhutto. his son Maulana Fazl ur Rehman now his son his son Saad Rizvi. his son Hafiz Akif Saeed but the ameer now is not from Dr Israr's lineage rather selected by Shurah, which is how a leader should be selected.May my parents be sacrificed for you, O Messenger of Allah! With your death, the process of Prophethood, the revelation and heavenly messages have stopped and which had not stopped at the death of others (prophets). Your status with us (members of your family) is so special that our grief for having lost you has become a source of consolation (to us) as against the grief of all others; our grief for having lost you is also common so that all Muslims may share it equally. If you had not commended endurance and prevented us from wailing, we would have produced tears abundantly. Even then, the pain will not have subsided and this grief will not have ended. They will have been too little an indication of our grief for you. But this (death) is a matter that cannot be reversed nor is it possible to avoid. May my father and mother die for you; do remember us with Allah and take care of us.
I enjoin you, as my dying wish, not to regard anything as a partner with Allah, not to disregard the Sunnah of Muhammad (h). Establish these two pillars and light these two lamps.... (Will 23)
Then commandment number 31 is full of Tauheed and other will 47 as well. Same as Sunni brothers Shia's also don't follow their books.
Lastly, some people might say that no one from the Salaf has criticized Ameer Moawiya R.A, so only for them I am sharing few quotes of major Scholars, all are in Urdu.
Imam Abu Haneefa R.Alai:
Alama Badar ud din Aieni R.Alai:
In seerat ur rusool by son of Imam Abdul Wahab
Mulla Ali Qari (who wrote Sharah of Mishkaat)
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